Review on herbal drugs used in treatment for Asthma

 

Kalantri M. R.  , Aher A. N

NDMVP College of Pharmacy, Nashik

 

ABSTRACT:

Asthma is  common disease that found in world wide. Asthma affects 300 million people worldwide and will be affect more 100 million in 2025. Many drugs are available for asthma now a days.They are directly or indirectly derived from plants only. This synthetic drugs by continuous using causes some side effects. In India 45,000 plants species and among them, several are claimed medicinal property. Now research has been focused on scientific evaluation of herbal drug which are used as antiasthmatic with efficient theraupatic property. An attempt has been made to review antiasthmatic medicinal plants in this present article.

 

 

INTRODUCTION:

Asthma is chronic condition; Symptoms are due to endogenous and intrinsic mediator like histamine, leukotriens, bradykinine, prostaglandin, nitric oxide, platelet activation factor, chemokines and endothelline from mast cell during allergic reaction and inflammation of air passage in lungs. Asthma is characterized by coughing, dyspnoea, wheezing, and chest tightness. Other features of asthma are airway inflammation and bronchial hyper-responsiveness.Asthma attacks are triggered by allergen such as dust, mites, mold, spores, animal hair or feathers and also caused by cold air, environmental tobacco smoke, emotional stress.¹

 

Asthma affects 7 % of total population and approximate 300 million worldwide. During attacks the smooth muscle cells in bronchi constrict and the airway inflamed swollen and breathing become difficult.²

 

Asthma comes from a Greek word meaning gasping or breathless is chronic lung disorder that occurs commonly in both children and adult in economically developed as well as developing countries. It is increasing pervasiveness and severity especially in allergic patient.All medicine used for the organization of asthma  proves to be beneficial in acute condition and act as life saving remedies. But long term use of all these medicine can cause serious, toxic side effect like muscle tremors, restlessness, hypertension, delirium, convulsion, mood changes, growth retardation etc. Now a day’s herbal medicines are the major components in Ayurvedic, Homeopathic, Naturopathy and other medicinal systems.The medicinal value of these plants lies in some chemical substances that produce definite pharmacological action on human system. The graceful advantage of herbal medicines like ecofriendly nature, less cost, great strength, less toxic and ready availability.³

Asthma is a global problem. Most synthetic drugs are used to treat acute symptoms of asthma but they are not completely safe for long term use. Currently available treatment for asthma most medication works by relaxing bronchospasm, or reducing inflammation. These available treatments are not sufficient for treating asthma as they have many side effects. ^{4, 5}

 

Synthetic drugs may give instant relief from symptoms of asthma, but have lot of undesirable effects (like those of steroids). Synthetic drugs used for conventional medical treatment of asthma include-Bronchodilators (Sympathomimetics: Albuterol, Formoterol, Terbutaline; Methylxanthines: Aminophylline, Dyphylline; Antimuscarinics: Ipratropium, Tiotropium) Mast cell stabilizers (Cromolyn sodium, Nedocromil sodium) Corticosteroids (Aerosols: Beclomethasone, Budenoside, Triamcinolone; Systemic: Betamethasone, Prednisolone) Leukotriene inhibitors (Montelukast, Zafirlukast, Zileuton). ⁶

 

Hence search has been started once again to look back to traditional medicine which can be used to treat asthma. The following table gives brief review of medicinal plant used as antiasthmatic.

 

MEDICINAL PLANT	Type of Extract	PART
Acacia xanthophloea	Methanol and aqueous	Stem bark7
Achyranthus  aspera	N hexane, methanol	Whole plant2
Acorus calamus	Ethanol	Rhizome8
Adhatoda vasica	Ethanol	Leaves 9
Agastache rugosa	Methanol	Aerial parts10
Ailanthus excels	Methanol	Stem bark 11
Alangium lamarkii	Methanol	Leaves  12
Anchomanes difformis	Aqueous	Leaf  13
Asystasia gangetica	Methanol	Leaves 14
Azina tetracantha	Methanol	Leaves 15
Balanites aegyptiaca	N butanol	Fruit pulp 16
Balanites roxburghi	Ethanol	Stem 17
Bauhinia racemosa	Ethanol	Leaves 18
Boerhvia procumbens	Methanol	Whole plant 19
Bryonia lasiniosa	Ethanol	Aerial part 20
Bryophyllum pinnatum	Aqueous	Leaf   21
Bulbus fritillariae	Methanol	Bulbs 22
Bytteneria herbaceae	Ethanol,aqueous	Root 23
Cassia occidentalis	hydroalcohol	Seed  24
Calendula officinalis	Methanol	Whole plant 25
Cassia sophera	Ethanol	Leaves 26
Cassia tora	Aqueous	Leaves 27
Citrullus colocynth	Hydroalcohol	Fruits  28
Clerodendron phlomidis	Aqueous	Leaves  29
Clerodendrum serratum	Ethanol	Root 30
Cordia subcordata	Ehanol	Bark 31-
Cressa cretica	Ethyl acetate,methanol	Whole plant 32
Crocus sativus	Hydroalcohol	Flower 33
Cuculigo orchioides	Ethanol	Rhizome 34
Cucumis trigonus	Hydroalcohol	Fruits 35
Curcuma longa	Hydroalcohol	Rhizome 36
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba	Aqueous and alcohol	Leaves 37
Cyclea peltata	ethanol and aqueous	Whole plant 38

 

 

 

 

 

MEDICINAL PLANT	Type of Extract	PART
Elaeagnus  rungens	Aqueous	Leaves 39
Elaeagnus henryi	Aqueous	Leaves 39
Elaeagnus lanceolata	Aqueous	Leaves39
Elephantous scaber	Ethanolic	Leaves 40
Ephedra geradiana	Ethanol	Whole plant 41
Euphorbia hirta	Hexane	Leaves 42
Gastrodia elata	Ethanol	Root 43
Hemidesmus indicus	Alcohol	Root 44
Ixora coccinea	Hydroalcoholic	Leaves  45
Kalanchoe integra	Aqueous	Leaves 46
Labisia pumila	Dichloromethane	Leaves 47
Leptadenia reticulate	Hydroalcohol	Leaves 48
Leucas  aspera	Methanol	Whole plant 49
Microglossa pyrifolia	Methanol and aqueous	Leaves 5
Mimosa pudica	Aqueous	Roots  50
Myrica sapida	Ethanol	Stem bark 51
Nyctanthes arborstris	Ethanol and aqueous	Bark    52
Nyctanthes arbortristis	Ethanol	Leaves5 3
Ocimum gratissimum	Aqueous	Leaf 54
Passiflora incarnate	Methanol	Leaves 55
Physalis angulata	Methanol	Leaves 56
Piper longum	Pet ether,ethanol,decoction	Fruit 57
Pistacia integerima	Aqueous	Galls 58
Pluchea ovalis	Ethanol	Root 59
Polyscias fruiticosa	Ethanol	Leaf 60
Portulaca oleracea	Methanol	Leaves,stem,root 61
Punica granatum	Ethanol	Flowerbud 62
Ricinus communis	Ethanol	Root 63
Saururus chinensis	Ethanol	Herbs 64
Sphaeranthus indicus	Methanol	Aerial part 65
Stephania japonica	Aqueous and alcohol	Leaves 66
Stereospermum suaveolens	Methanol	Stem bark 67
Strychnas heninningsii	Methanol and aqueous	Leaves 5
Symplocas racemosa	Ethanol	Bark 68
Tephrosia purpurea	Methanol	Whole plant69
Tephrosia purpurea	Ethanol	Leaves 70
Vitex negundo	Ethanol	Leaves 71
Ziziphus xylopyrus	Aqueous and alcohol	Stem 72

In- vivo models

1) Histamine induced bronchospasm in conscious guinea pig.

2) Passive paw anaphylaxis in rat.

3) Milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice.

 

In- vitro models

4) Degranulation of rat mesenteric mast cells.

5) Histamine and Acetylcholine induced contractions on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain and ileum preparation.

 

Histamine induced bronchospasm in conscious guinea pig.

Symptom like asphyctic convulsion resembling bronchial asthma can be induced by inhalation of histamine or other bronchospsmogen in guinea pig. The occurrence of these symptoms can be delayed by bronchodilator drugs.

 

Passive paw anaphylaxis in rat

Anti allergic model involves Passive immunization with serum containing IgE antibody and second antigen exposure cause immediate hypersensitivity in form of paw edema.

 

Milk induced leucocytosis and eosinophilia in mice

Leukocyte recruited during asthmatic inflammation release the inflammatory mediators like cytokines, histamine, and major basic protein which promote ongoing inflammation. The eosinophils are the most characteristic inflammatory cells in the sub-mucosal and epithelial layers. The involvement of eosinophil  in bronchial mucosa, in which allergic inflammation occurs, is a critical contributor to the late asthmatic reaction of congestion and mucus hypersecretion. Eosinophil secretes mediators such as eosinophil cationic protein, tumor necrosis factor, eosinophil-derived neurotoxin, and prostaglandin, which results in epithelial shedding, bronchoconstriction, and promotion of inflammation in respiratory tract often allergic.

 

IN– VITRO MODELS

4) Degranulation of rat mesenteric mast cells

Degranulation of rat peritoneal mast cells can be induced in vitro by different stimuli egg albumin, sodium cromoglycate and compound 48/80. This involves microscopic examination of rat mesenteric mast cells

 

Histamine and Acetylcholine induced contractions on isolated guinea pig tracheal chain and guinea pig ileum preparation.

 

To detect antispasmodic and bronchodilator activity, the test compound was first added alone and washed out. The response of spasmogens like Histamine and Acetylcholine were taken and at the height of contraction and the treatment drug was added. It causes relaxation in dose dependant manner ⁴⁹

 

CONCLUSION:

As the synthetic drugs give instant relief from symptoms of asthma, but cause lot of side effect, their efficacy goes on decreasing with their continuous use .herbal drugs have lots of availability and easy of cultivation when compared with synthetic drugs makes herbal plants best choice for treatment of asthma .Although purity of extract, selectivity, toxicity, is matter of concern for use of herbal drugs.

 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The authors are thankful to the authorities of M.V.P. college of pharmacy Nashik  (India) for providing support to the study and other necessary facility like internet surfing, library and other technical support to write an article.

 

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Received on 11.05.2017          Modified on 11.06.2017

Accepted on 21.08.2017       ©A&V Publications All right reserved